[36] These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization,[37][36] the first urban culture in South Asia. In 1990, the People's Movement forced King Birendra (ruled 1972–2001) to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty democracy. As the cherished of Ne, the valley would be called Nepāl. [120][130][131][132], Nepal is governed according to the Constitution of Nepal. Informations, maps and statistics of the populations and countries of the World. [224] The perennial nature of Nepali rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography provide ideal conditions for the development of hydroelectric projects. [277] The Bhutanese Lhotsampa refugees began arriving in the 1980s and numbered more than 110,000 by the 2000s. [citation needed] By 2017, there were more than seven million students enrolled in 35,601 schools. [262] Two-thirds of all deaths are due to non-communicable diseases; heart disease is the leading cause of death. The Indian plate continues to move north relative to Asia at about 50 mm (2.0 in) per year. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1973 with the enactment of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 1973,[108] was substantially expanded. [324] Bagh-Chal, an ancient board game that's thought to have originated in Nepal, can be played on chalk-drawn boards, with pebbles, and is still popular today. [86] Saptakoshi, in particular, carries a huge amount of silt out of Nepal but sees extreme drop in Gradient in Bihar, causing severe floods and course changes, and is, therefore, known as the sorrow of Bihar. [313] Dal-bhat, centred around steamed rice is the most common example. The industry, disrupted by the civil war in the 1990s, has since recovered but faces challenges to growth, owing to a lack of proper facilities for high-end tourism termed the "infrastructure bottleneck", the flag carrier in shambles, and a handful of destinations properly developed and marketed. [181] With an annual growth rate calculated at 6.3% in 2018,[182] and expected to reach 7.1% in 2019,[183] Nepal is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. The base is usually composed of rectangular terraces of finely carved stone; the entrance is usually guarded by stone sculptures of conventional figures. Nepal, country of Asia, lying along the southern slopes of the Himalayan mountain ranges and wedged between two giants, India and China. [98], Most of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of the lower Himalayan region is descended from the Tethyan Tertiary flora. Following the success of Indian Independence Movement which Nepalese activists had taken part in, with India's support and cooperation of King Tribhuvan, Nepali Congress was successful in toppling the Rana regime, establishing a parliamentary democracy. The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for Kathmandu is Kolkata in India. [22], Norwegian indologist Christian Lassen had proposed that Nepāla was a compound of Nipa (foot of a mountain) and -ala (short suffix for alaya meaning abode), and so Nepāla meant "abode at the foot of the mountain". [312] Tea and buttermilk (fermented milk leftover from churning butter from yoghurt) are common non-alcoholic drinks. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), of which it is a founding member. [d][50], In the Kathmandu valley, the Kiratas were pushed eastward by the Lichchhavis, and the Lichchhavi dynasty came into power c. 400 AD. It has been combined with an underskirt, or the petticoat, and tucked in the waistband for more secure fastening. Népal Le Népal est un pays d' Asie du Sud enclavé dans le massif de l' Himalaya, frontalier de l' Inde au Sud et de la Chine au Nord. The fact that any differences between Nepal and Sikkim will be "referred to the arbitration of the East India Company" sees Nepal as a semi-independent or a vassal state or tributary of the British empire. Most do not get paid minimum wage,[217] and many are forced to forfeit all or part of the wages. [220] Many Nepalese are believed to be working under slavery-like conditions, and Nepal spends billions of rupees rescuing stranded workers, on remuneration to the indebted families of the dead, and in legal costs for those arrested in foreign countries. [253] Though there is significant gender disparity in overall literacy rate,[5] girls have overtaken boys in enrolment to all levels of education. The citizens of Nepal are known as Nepali or Nepalese. Népal fait parti(e) des pays du continent Asie. As this issue has yet to be settled, the 35-forest-type classification is generally preferred to the ecological categorization. [158] Nepal established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 1 August 1955, and signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1960; relations since have been based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Nepal declared untouchability to be illegal in 1963[286] and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially from each other, using locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruit. [304] For women, it eventually took the form of a sari, a single long piece of cloth, famously six yards long, and of width spanning the lower body. Almost all janajati communities have their own traditional methods of brewing alcohol. Academic attempts to provide a plausible theory are hindered by the lack of a complete picture of history and insufficient understanding of linguistics or relevant Indo-European and Tibeto-Burman languages. Other large cities in Nepal include Pokhara, Biratnagar, Lalitpur, Bharatpur, Birgunj, Dharan, Hetauda and Nepalgunj. Nepali laws are considered generally more progressive compared to other developing countries, and in some instances, many developed ones. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the establishment of a secular republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy. [283], Around 2,000 immigrants, half of them Chinese, applied for a work permit in 2018/19. Date: 24 February 2012: Source: Own work: Author: Pedro38: Licensing . [343], The only international stadium in the country is the multi-purpose Dasarath Stadium where the men and women national football teams play their home matches. [88] The Eastern half of Nepal is richer in biodiversity as it receives more rain, compared to western parts, where arctic desert-type conditions are more common at higher elevations. Carte du Népal avec les régions et les districts. [341][339] Nepal also fields players and national teams in several tournaments for the differently abled, most notably in men's[342] as well as women's blind cricket. Emperor Ashoka made a pilgrimage to Lumbini and erected a pillar at Buddha's birthplace, the inscriptions on which mark the starting point for properly recorded history of Nepal. By the 14th century, the empire had splintered into loosely associated Baise rajyas, literally 22 states as they were counted. Cliquez sur la carte de situation géographique ci-dessus pour accéder à une carte physique détaillée et en français du Népal. It is landlocked and borders Tibet in the north and India in the south, east and west, while Bangladesh is located only 27 km (17 mi) from its southeastern tip and Bhutan is separated from it by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal's defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later, south and south-east. [304] The sari is tied around the waist and knotted at one end, wrapped around the lower body, and then over the shoulder. The government lacks data on Indian immigrants as they do not require permits to live and work in Nepal;[284] Government of India puts the number of Non-Resident Indians in the country at 600,000.[285]. The transition period between 2006 and 2015 saw sustained protests from the newly formed ethnocentric nationalist movements, principal among them the Madhes Movement. The Lower Himalayan Range, reaching 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,900 to 9,800 ft), is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and "hills" alternating to the north of this range. [197] Agriculture employs 76% of the workforce, services 18%, and manufacturing and craft-based industry 6%. [231] According to the 2011 census, the percentage of households possessing radio was 50.82%, television 36.45%, cable TV 19.33%, and computer 7.28%. [314] as well as dairy and sometimes meat, is the most common and prominent example. It recognises marital rape and supports abortion rights; however, owing to a rise in sex-selective abortion, constraints have been introduced. [167] Countries that Nepal maintains a close relationship with, include the most generous donors and development partners—the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Japan and Norway, among others. Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of sediment, which flows to the Indian Ocean. By the late Vedic period, Nepal was being mentioned in various Hindu texts, such as the late Vedic Atharvaveda Pariśiṣṭa and in the post-Vedic Atharvashirsha Upanishad. [263][264], Nepal has made great progress in maternal and child health. Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and the People's Republic of China in 1960. Some legal provisions, guided by socio-economic, cultural and religious sensibilities, remain discriminatory. In the south-eastern region, Janakpurdham was the capital of the prosperous kingdom of Videha or Mithila, that extended down to the Ganges, and home to King Janaka and his daughter, Sita. The unleavened flat bread made from wheat flour called chapati occasionally replaces the steamed rice, particularly in the Terai, while Dhindo, prepared by boiling corn, millet or buckwheat flour in water, continuously stirring and adding flour until thick, almost solid consistency is reached, is the main substitute in the hills and mountains. The rivalry between the Kingdom of Nepal and the East India Company over the control of states bordering Nepal eventually led to the Anglo-Nepali War (1815–16). Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. Himalayas, Khumjung, सोलुखुम्बु, सगरमाथा अञ्चल, Región de desarrollo Este, Nepal (27.98569 (27.98569 [307] Traditional dresses of many pahari ethnic groups are Daura-Suruwal or similar, with patuka, a dhaka topi and a coat for men, and Gunyu-cholo or similar, with patuka and sometimes a scarf for women. Mostly unskilled, uneducated, and indebted to loan sharks, these workers are swindled by the manpower companies and sent to exploitative employers or war-ridden countries under fraudulent contracts. 95% of children have access to iodized salt, and 86% of children aged 6 – 59 months receive Vitamin A prophylaxis. Nepal Police is the primary law enforcement agency. [121] The Madhesi coalition, comprising Samajbadi Party, Nepal and Rastriya Janata Party, Nepal, which later merged to form JSPN, formed the provincial government in Province No. Visualisation et partage de cartes topographiques gratuites. The characteristic architecture associated exclusively with Nepal was developed and refined by Newa artisans of the Kathmandu Valley starting no later than the Lichchhavi period. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted them during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (and later in both World Wars). Le Népal se présente comme une étroite bande de terre de 145 à 241 km de large, qui s'étire sur 800 km.. Subdivisions territoriales. [339] Sports like basketball, volleyball, futsal, wrestling, competitive bodybuilding[339][340] and badminton are also gaining in popularity. Thakuri kings ruled over the country up to the middle of the 11th century AD; not much is known of this period that is often called the dark period. ", "Tibet's Road Ahead: Tibetans lose a haven in Nepal under Chinese pressure", "China urged to let Nepalis work in Taklakot", "Why Nepal's Access to China Ports Matters", "Belt and Road Initiative: Nepal's concern and commitment", "SAARC: Origin, Growth, Potential and Achievements", "Nepal, Bangladesh Can Become Better Trade Partners", "Marking the diplomatic ties between Nepal and Israel", "UNGA vote 'consistent with Nepal's position on Israel, Palestine, "Military expenditure (current USD) | Data", "New chief faces daunting task rebuilding Nepal Army's image", "Thapa to take charge of Nepali Army as acting CoAS", "South Asia :: Nepal – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency", "Dolpa HQ connected to national road network", "Women promoted to major for first time in NA infantry", "Bhakti Shah – the fight for gay and transgender rights in Nepal", "Nepal is 19th largest receiver of remittances with $8.1 billion", "Unskilled workers dominate Nepali labour force abroad", "More Nepalis going abroad for employment", "South Asia :: Nepal – The World Factbook", "Agricultural Policies and Rural Development in Nepal: An Overview", "Nepalese Foreign Trade: Growth, Composition, and Direction", "Bangladesh, Nepal, Rwanda top India in reducing poverty – study", "World poverty is shrinking rapidly, new index reveals", "Nepal: Irrigation and Water Resource Management", "World Bank: Nepal- Country Overview 2012", "Nepali gov't presents 13.71 bln USD budget for next fiscal year", "Finance Minister Khatiwada worried as ministries fail to spend development budget", "UK should cut aid to Nepal if "endemic" corruption persists: report", "Per capita income to reach $1,400 by 2023-24", "Development Failure: A Critical Review of Three Analyses of Development in Nepal", "A Development Failure: The Development-Conflict Nexus", "Nepal tourism generated Rs 240b and supported 1m jobs last year: Report", "Nepal has enough opportunities to tap tourists who visit other South Asian nations", "Nepal's unemployment rate estimated at 11.4 percent", "12 Hostages From Nepal Are Executed in Iraq, a Militant Group Claims", "He narrowly escaped the 2004 Iraq massacre of 12 Nepalis", "Basic minimum wage eludes Nepali migrant workers", "Nepali migrant workers returning home from labour destination countries without wages", "Nepal receiving two dead migrant workers every day for past seven years: Report", "Nepalese Labor Migration—A Status Report", "Labour migration in Nepal (ILO in Nepal)", NEPAL ENERGY SECTOR ASSESSMENT, STRATEGY, AND ROAD MAP, "From a fossil past to an electric future", "More than half of Nepal's electricity imported from India", "NEA to build 10 new hydropower projects", "Nepal fails to meet energy sector targets in the current fiscal", "Connecting Nepal's Rural Poor to Markets", Nepal Telecommunications Authority MIS Report Shrawan, 2076, "Press Council Nepal classifies 833 newspapers, magazines", "Nepal retains its position in press freedom rankings, states RSF report", https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/np/np029en.pdf, http://mohp.gov.np/downloads/Constitution%20of%20Nepal_2072_Nepali.pdf, "Hindu Demographics & Denominations (Part One)", "Eid highlights Nepal's religious tolerance", "NEPAL-2018-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT", "Nepal: Nepal: Bill criminalises religious conversion", "Community-based School Management The Role Politics Plays", "Minister Pokhrel urges teachers to be loyal to their schools", "Types of scholarships provided to Nepalese students by government of Nepal", "Medical colleges charging extra fees even from govt scholarship holders", "More students seeking 'no objection' to study abroad", "Nepal ranks second in lung ailment deaths", Nepal Burden of Disease 2017: A Country Report based on the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study, "Study reveals high prevalence of non-communicable diseases in Nepal", "Nearly half of Nepali children still malnourished", "Maternal mortality reduction target hard to meet for Nepal: Officials", "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) - Nepal | Data", "Nepal far from hitting contraceptive target", "Health insurance plan yet to cover 38 districts in Nepal", "The Current State of Maternal Health in Nepal", "Government has been trying to eliminate open defecation for over a decade. [126] A communist insurgency was crushed in its cradle in the 1970s, which led to the eventual coalescence of hitherto scattered communist factions under the United Left Front. [287] Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women wed before reaching 18.[288]. [315] Among these groups, strong discomfort is felt at thoughts of eating meat. [22] Suniti Kumar Chatterji believed Nepal originated from Tibeto-Burman roots – Ne, of uncertain meaning (as multiple possibilities exist), and pala or bal, whose meaning is lost entirely. Nepal is a signatory to the Geneva Convention, Conventions/Treaties on the prohibition of Biological, Chemical and Nuclear weapons,[138] International Labour Organization Fundamental Conventions, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Paris climate accord. C H I N E Sallyan Dhangadhi Baitadi Dandeldhura Dailekh Birendranagar Tikapur Choharwa Darchula Dilikot Bajura Chainpur Pahad is the mountain region that does not generally contain snow. [168], The President is the supreme commander of the Nepalese Army; its routine management is handled by the Ministry of Defence. Tharu women can wear as much as six kilograms of silver in jewellery, which includes Mangiya worn on the head, tikuli the forehead, and kanseri and tikahamala around the neck.[308]. Kwanti (sprouted beans soup), chhwela (ground beef), chatamari (rice flour crepe), bara (fried lentil cake), kachila (marinated raw minced beef), samaybaji (centred around flattened rice), lakhaamari and yomuri are among the more widely recognised. [90] The dramatic differences in elevation found in Nepal (60 m from sea level in the Terai plains, to 8,848 m Mount Everest)[91] result in a variety of biomes. [116], Nepal is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. Sherpa women wear the chuba with the pangi apron, while Sherpa men wear shirts with stiff high collar and long sleeves called tetung under the chuba. It lies between latitudes 26° and 31°N, and longitudes 80° and 89°E. By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. ", "The Impact of Organized Crime on Governance in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nepal", "Organizational Structure and Role of NID in Nepal's Federal Set up", "Crime rate in Nepal rose by 40 percent in past five fiscal years, police data reveals", "Bilateral Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA", "Embassy of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA", "Consulates General of Nepal – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA", "NON-RESIDENTIAL DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA", "The Big Question: Who are the Gurkhas and what is their contribution", "Foreign Relation of Nepal with China and India", "Is it the end of India's special relationship with Nepal? The outermost range of the foothills called Sivalik Hills or Churia Range, cresting at 700 to 1,000 metres (2,300 to 3,280 ft), marks the limits of the Gangetic Plain; however broad, low valleys called Inner Terai Valleys (Bhitri Tarai Upatyaka) lie north of these foothills in several places. Nepali indigenous sports, like dandi biyo and kabaddi which were considered the unofficial national sports until recently,[320] are still popular in rural areas. The military expenditure for 2018 was $398.5 million,[169] around 1.4% of GDP. Carte du Népal simple. Years of self-imposed isolation and its rugged and difficult mountain terrain have left Nepal one … Il ne possède pas d’accès à la mer et le relief des trois quarts du pays est montagneux. Subalpine coniferous forests cover the 3,000 m to 3,500 m range, dominated by Oak (particularly in the west), Eastern Himalayan fir, Himalayan pine and Himalayan hemlock; Rhododendron is common as well. [76] Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment[77] and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain. There are 6,743 wards in total. The regional languages Maithili, Awadhi and Bhojpuri are spoken in the southern Terai region; Urdu is common among Nepali Muslims. Many cultures paint the walls of their homes with regular patterns, figures of gods and beasts and religious symbols; others paint their walls plain, often with clay or chernozem contrasted with yellow soil or limestone. En vente sur la Boutique loisirs IGN. [266] Nepal has reduced maternal mortality rate to 229,[267] from 901 in 1990;[268][267] infant mortality is down to 32.2 per thousand live births compared to 139.8 in 1990. [164] Nepal was one of the first countries to recognise an independent Bangladesh, and the two countries seek to enhance greater cooperation, on trade and water management; seaports in Bangladesh, being closer, are seen as viable alternatives to India's monopoly on Nepal's third-country trade. [60][48], Factionalism inside the royal family led to a period of instability. The best known include: Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Chhath, Maghi, Sakela, Holi, Eid ul-Fitr, Christmas, and the Nepali new year. [153], Nepal pursues a policy of "balanced relations" with the two giant immediate neighbours, India and China;[154][155] the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with India provides for a much closer relationship. The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans, and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala. Rice pulau or sweet rice porridge called kheer are usually the main dish in feasts. Le Népal se trouve en Asie et partage ses frontières avec les territoires suivants: Costa Rica (309 km), Honduras (342 km). Major exports include readymade garment, carpet, pulses, handicrafts, leather, medicinal herbs, and paper products, which account for 90% of the total. British Museum Press, 1993 - Crafts & Hobbies - 204 pages, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Janani Janmabhumishcha Swargadapi Gariyasi, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Conventions/Treaties on the prohibition of Biological, International Labour Organization Fundamental Conventions, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground, "President Bhandari administers oath of office to Oli", "Newly elected HoR Speaker Agni Sapkota takes oath of office", "Cholendra Shumsher JB Rana confirmed as Chief Justice", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", "Gini Index (World Bank Estimate) - Nepal", "Voltage, Frequency and Power Factor of Electricity", "Nepal | Definition of Nepal by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Nepal", "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent", "The Prehistory of Nepal (A summary of the results of 10 years research)", "Revisiting the role of the Himalayas in peopling Nepal: insights from mitochondrial genomes", "A Review of Simarongarh's History on Its Nexus Areas with References of Archaeological Evidences", "Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution", "Birenda, 55, Ruler of Nepal's Hindu Kingdom", "the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal", "[Constitution special] The evolution of Nepal\'s constitution", "Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress Field in the Western Gangetic Plains", "Late Miocene- Recent Exhumation of the Central Himalaya and Recycling in the Foreland Basin Assessed by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology of Siwalik Sediments, Nepal", "Modelling the Spatial Distribution of Present day Deformation in Nepal: how cylindrical is the Main Himalayan Thrust in Nepal? Above 3,500 m in the west and 4,000 m in the east, coniferous trees give way to Rhododendron-dominated alpine shrubs and meadows. Carte détaillée administrative de l'Inde, cartographie détaillée du relief et index des villes au verso également inclus. [31][32][33] The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago. [27][28][29][22] It has also been proposed that Nepa is a Tibeto-Burman stem consisting of Ne (cattle) and Pa (keeper), reflecting the fact that early inhabitants of the valley were Gopalas (cowherds) and Mahispalas (buffalo-herds). C'est une vallée aujourd'hui très peuplé autour de la Capitale, république fédérale d’Asie du Sud enclavée dans l’Himalaya, Նեպալի Դաշնային Ժողովրդավարական Հանրապետություն, République démocratique fédérale du Népal, la République démocratique fédérale du Népal, Nepáli Szövetségi Demokratikus Köztársaság, Den føderale demokratiske republikken Nepal, Федеративная Демократическая Республика Непал. The moon on the flag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of Nepalis, while the sun represents the aggressiveness of Nepali warriors. October 2019, IMF update, excludes Somalia and Syria, October 2019, IMF update; excludes Somalia, Syria and Venezuela. Despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the Terai in recent years, the majority of Nepalese still live in the central highlands, and the northern mountains are sparsely populated. It is an independent organization under the command of the Inspector General, who is appointed by and reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs. [61], The Hindu practice of Sati, in which a widow sacrificed herself in the funeral pyre of her husband, was banned in 1919, and slavery was officially abolished in 1924. [47] Nepal came to be established as a land of spirituality and refuge in the intervening centuries, played an important role in transmitting Buddhism to East Asia via Tibet,[48] and helped preserve Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Influenced by western literary traditions, writers in this period started producing literary works addressing the contemporary social problems,[299] while many others continued to enrich Nepali poetic traditions with authentic Nepali poetry. Parts of Nepal and Licchavi was later under the direct influences of the Tibetan empire. [75] The rising barriers blocked the paths of rivers creating large lakes, which only broke through as late as 100,000 years ago, creating fertile valleys in the middle hills like the Kathmandu Valley. He embarked on his mission by securing the neutrality of the bordering mountain kingdoms. After a decade of instability and internal strife which saw two constituent assembly elections, the new constitution was promulgated on 20 September 2015, making Nepal a federal democratic republic divided into seven provinces. [73][74], Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape, about 800 kilometres (500 mi) long and 200 kilometres (120 mi) wide, with an area of 147,516 km2 (56,956 sq mi). Nepal is a secular country, as declared by the Constitution of Nepal 2072 (Part 1, Article 4), where secularism 'means religious, cultural freedom, along with the protection of religion, culture handed down from time immemorial(सनातन)'. Nepal Armed Police Force, a separate paramilitary police organization, works in cooperation with Nepal police in routine security matters; it is intended for crowd control, counter-insurgency and anti-terrorism actions, and other internal matters where the use of force may be necessary. The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, affirms Nepal as a secular federal parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces. Formal recognition of Nepal as an independent and sovereign state by Great Britain. According to Hogdson (1847), the earliest inhabitants of Nepal were perhaps the Kusunda people, probably of proto-Australoid origin. [231], As of 2019[update], the state operates three television stations as well as national and regional radio stations. Nepal is a federal republic comprising 7 provinces.